Non-pharmacological public health measures: Assessment of the PAHO Guide on outbreak and epidemics risk communication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21527/2176-7114.2026.51.15604Keywords:
Risk communication, Outbreaks and pandemics, EvaluabilityAbstract
The purpose of this article is to present an evaluability study of the Guide to Non-Pharmacological Public Health Measures prepared in 2020 by PAHO in order to maximize its usefulness in risk communication in outbreak and epidemic situations. A descriptive-qualitative approach was adopted, guided by the steps: (a) Documentary research; (b) Intervention modeling; (c) Extraction of evidence on the actions proposed in the document; (d) Validation of the logical theoretical model; (e) Elaboration of evaluative questions. Documentary analysis pointed to a multiplicity of actions to reduce community transmission, prioritizing the involvement of society, in addition to governmental and non-governmental institutions. The validated logical theoretical model made it possible to identify elements that could be useful as lessons to strengthen preparedness, preparedness and response capacities within the Health System in relation to disasters and other public health emergencies.
References
1. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neil N, Khan M, Kerwhan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review ofthe 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020 Abr; 76: 71-76.
2. World Health Organization. Coronavirusdisease 2019 (COVID-19) situationreport [Internet]. Genebra: WHO; 2020
3. Garcia LP, Duarte E. Intervenções não farmacológicas para o enfrentamento à epidemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde [online]. v. 29, n. 2 [Acessado 23 Abril 2022] , e2020222.
4. Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Orientações para a aplicação de medidas de saúde pública não farmacológicas a grupos populacionais em situação de vulnerabilidade no contexto da COVID-19. Washington, D.C.: OPAS; 2020. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/53194.
5. Peersman G, Guijt I, T Pasanen. Evaluability Assessment impactevaluation: guidance, checklists anddecisionsupport. Australian Government: Departament ofForeign Affairs and Trade; 2015.
6. Leviton LC, Khan LK, Rog D, Dawkins N, Cotton D. Evaluability assessment to improve publichealth policies, programs, andpractices. AnnuRevPublic Health. 2010;31:213-33.
7. Tamaki EM, Tanaka OU, Felisberto E, Alves CKA, Drumond Junior M, Bezerra LCA, et al. Metodologia de construção de um painel de indicadores para o monitoramento e a avaliação da gestão do SUS. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(4):839-49
8. Zarili, TFT et al. Técnica Delphi no processo de validação do Questionário de Avaliação da Atenção Básica (QualiAB) para aplicação nacional. Saúde e Sociedade [online]. v. 30, n. 2
9. Leandro G, Luz DPL, Arenhart GMC, Dias LIA, Valiente DR, Gaievski A, Silva BA. Intervenções não farmacológicas como medidas de enfrentamento à pandemia de Covid-19 em municípios de fronteira. Revista de Saúde Pública do Paraná v. 3 n. Supl. (2020): Supl. 1, Ações de enfrentamento da COVID-19 no contexto dos Sistemas de Saúde do Paraná
10. Muller ORM, Jahna A. Effectsof non-pharmaceuticalinterventionsagainst COVID-19 ontheincidenceofotherdiseases The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 6 (2021) 100139
11. Powell C. The Delphi technique: mythsand realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Hoboken, v. 41, n. 4, p. 376-382, 2003.
12. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (USA). Implementation of mitigation strategies for communities with local Covid-19 transmission [Internet]. [Washington, D.C.]: Center for DiseaseControlandPrevention; 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 27]. 10 p.
13. Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the Covid-19 epidemic? Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Mar 27];395(10228):931-4. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
14. Canadian Office ofthe Auditor General (2021), Pandemic Preparedness, Surveillance, and Border Control Measures.
15. Hale, T., Petherick, A., Phillips, T. and Webster, S., 2020. Variation in government responses to COVID-19. Blavatnik School of Government Working Paper, 31. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-stringency-index
16. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública COE-COVID-19. Plano de contingência nacional para infecção humana pelo novo coronavírus COVID-19 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2020
17. Croda JHR, Garcia LP. Resposta imediata da Vigilância em Saúde à epidemia da COVID-19. Epidemiol Serv Saúde [Internet]. 2020 mar
18. Silva CRDV, Júnior OGB, Martiniano CS, Uchoa SAC. Comunicação de risco no enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil: uma análise retórica. Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 31(2), e310204, 2021
19. Conceição, MR et al. Covid-19 - Exercício de coordenação e articulação municipal efetiva: a experiência de Niterói. Saúde em Debate [online]. v. 44, n. spe4 [Acessado 18 Abril 2022] , pp. 281-292.
20. Lotta G ET AL. A pandemia de COVID-19 e (os)as profissionais de saúde pública: uma perspectiva de gênero e raça sobre a linha de frente. Relatório Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 2021
21. International Monetary Fund, 2020. Policy Responses to COVID-19. Available at https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19.
22. Aquino EML et al. Social distancing measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic: potential impacts and challenges in Brazil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25(Supl.1):2423-2446, 2020
23. Liu, Y., Zheng, F., Du, Z. et al. Evaluation of China’sHubei control strategy for COVID-19 epidemic: na observational study. BMC Infect Dis 21, 820 (2021).
24. Bispo, JPM, Brito M. Participação comunitária no enfretamento da COVID-19: entre o utilitarismo e a justiça social. Cadernos de Saúde Pública [online]. 2020, v. 36, n. 8 [Accessed 23 April 2022] , e00151620.
25. Campos L.; Chambeaux J.; Espinoza C. Incidência de COVID - 19 em povos indígenas e afrodescendentes do Chile e autogestão comunitária. albuquerque: revista de história, v. 13, n. 25, p. 143-158, 26 abr. 2021.
26. Swire-Thompson B, Lazer D. Public health and online misinformation: challenges and recommendations. Annu Ver Public Health. 2020;41:433-51.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An approach for monitoring and evaluating community mitigation strategies for COVID-19; 2020.
28. Kluge HHP. Statement – Transitionto a ‘new normal’ during the COVID-19 pandemic must beguided by public health principles. Copenhagen: WHO; 2020
29. Ho KHM, Smith GD. A discursive paper on the importance of health literacy among foreign domestic workers during outbreaks of communicable diseases. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Dec;29(23-24):4827-4833.
30. Campos, L.; Chambeaux, J.; Espinoza, C. Incidência de COVID - 19 em povos indígenas e afrodescendentes do Chile e autogestão comunitária. Albuquerque: revista de história, v. 13, n. 25, p. 143-158, 26 abr. 2021
31. NeJhaddadgar N, Ziapour A, Zakkipour G, Abbas J, Abolfathi M, Shabani M. Effectiveness of telephone-based screening and triage during COVID-19 outbreak in the promoted primary healthcare system: a case study in Ardabil province, Iran. J Public Health. 2020;1–6.
32. Sarti T D et al. Whatisthe role of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic? Epidemiol. Serv. Saude, Brasília, 29(2):e2020166, 2020
33. Dunlop C, Howe A, Li D, Allen LN. The coronavirus outbreak: the central role of primary care in emergency preparedness and response. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Jan
34. World Health Organization. COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response (SPRP): monitoring and Evaluation Framework; 2020.
35. World Health Organization. Indicators to monitor health-care capacity and utilization for decision-making on COVID-19; 2020
36. First lessons from government evaluations of covid-19 responses © OECD 2022
37. Barabas A. La autogestión de la pandemia COVID-19 en los pueblos originarios de Oaxaca, México. Antropologías Del Sur, Santiago de Chile, v. 7, n. 14, p. 1-13, 2018.
38. Bavinger JC, Shantha JG, Yeh S. Ebola, COVID-19, and emerging infectious disease: lessons learned and future preparedness. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep;31(5):416-422.
39. Chun H, Yoon K, Kim H, Cheon E, Ha J, Tak S, Cho S. Generic Logic Model for Coronavirus Disease-2019 Responses Based on the South Korean Experience. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:4765-4774
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Catia Oliveira, Marcelly de Freitas Gomes, Raquel Souza Santos, Jane Castro Maia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
By publishing in Revista Contexto & Saúde, authors agree to the following terms:
The works are licensed under the Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) license, which allows:
Share — to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format;
Adapt — to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial.
These permissions are irrevocable, provided that the following terms are respected:
Attribution — authors must be properly credited, with a link to the license and indication of any changes made.
No additional restrictions — no legal or technological measures may be applied that restrict the use permitted by the license.
Notes:
The license does not apply to elements in the public domain or covered by legal exceptions.
The license does not grant all rights necessary for specific uses (e.g., image rights, privacy, or moral rights).
The journal is not responsible for opinions expressed in the articles, which are the sole responsibility of the authors. The Editor, with the support of the Editorial Board, reserves the right to suggest or request modifications when necessary.
Only original scientific articles presenting research results of interest that have not been published or simultaneously submitted to another journal with the same objective will be accepted.
Mentions of trademarks or specific products are intended solely for identification purposes, without any promotional association by the authors or the journal.
License Agreement (for articles published from September 2025): Authors retain copyright over their article and grant Revista Contexto & Saúde the right of first publication.